Chiquita Bananas Essay Example for Free

Chiquita Bananas Essay Chiquita is accused for the activities of two psychological militant associations that coerced cash from the organization. Casualties and their groups of the assaults performed by these two psychological oppressor associations are searching for pay from Chiquita, guaranteeing that the organization is answerable for causing those assaults to occur. Chiquita needs to settle on a choice whether to assume the liability for the activities performed by the two associations. Key Facts/Background FARC and AUC (two Colombian associations as of now assigned by the U. S. as fear monger associations) purportedly compromised Chiquita’s officials to hurt workers in the Colombian plant if the organization neglected to give the installments to their â€Å"protection. † Chiquita kept on doing as such until two years after the U. S. assigned AUC as a fear based oppressor association. The U. S. government fined Chiquita for giving â€Å"protection money† to FARC and AUC. Presently the people in question and groups of FARC and AUC are approaching to guarantee remuneration for harms they brought about because of activities that were financed to some extent by the cash gave by Chiquita. In the event that the law that grants casualties and their families to sue suppliers of help to the fear based oppressor associations passes, Chiquita may confront numerous claims for offering this help to FARC and AUC, which may add up to a large number of dollars. The law isn't yet set up yet the issue that Chiquita is confronting is as of now here. Partner Analysis In light of the case one of the primary partners is Chiquita. Offering cash to FARC and AUC in any case was illicit (after 2001) yet in addition not lined up with, what could be seen as company’s commitment to secure its employeesâ€giving cash may have (and really encouraged) the AUC to keep on compromising Chiquita simply like FARC did. The organization didn't show that they are steady and sound in their vision of corporate and social obligation. They couldn't have cared less about the networks they worked in as much as they thought about their own prosperity. The issue is that the installments were at that point made and the organization admitted to it, which finished with a supplication concurrence with the U. S. government. Presently, the test is whether to concede that Chiquita is liable for activities of FARC and AUC on the grounds that â€Å"extortion† cash has been paid. This may result in either claims or settlements for all the harm acquired by the two psychological militant associations, which thus will bring about positive bringing down of the main concern and losing validity. Simultaneously (simply like with the Tylenol case) if Chiquita recognizes without anyone else the bad behavior, it might recuperate its picture of socially mindful organization and show that it is lined up with their convictions of securing individuals (similarly as they ensured their representatives, they ought to ensure all the individuals who are influenced by their activities). On the off chance that Chiquita will hold up until law is passed and, at that point battle about the obligation, it will be expensive, yet in addition the organization will free all the believability they worked with the clients and investors throughout the decades. The U. S. legal framework is another fundamental partner. In the event that the law is passed, the courts in U. S. will be entrusted with settling on a choice of whether Chiquita is surely obligated for, what the organization was accepting to be, paying the blackmail and â€Å"protection† cash to defend their representatives against hurt from FARC or AUC. Here the court might be in a predicament, since the criminal behavior that Chiquita drew in itself in was accepted to be on the grounds that it was attempting to secure existences of their representatives. Presently, with one more law in placeâ€to repay the individuals who experienced FARC and AUCâ€the situation will come down to deciding whether what Chiquita accepted to be the thinking behind these installments, was without a doubt it. On the off chance that truly, might we be able to rebuff Chiquita for attempting to secure their representatives? The other principle partners are the people in question (and their groups) of FARC and AUC’s activities. They are attempting to bring to equity individuals who are liable for their torment. Presently, the test is that they are attempting to bring to equity an organization that was not legitimately yet rather in a roundabout way hurting them. The thinking behind this is the conviction that the cash Chiquita paid was to be sure utilized in harming those individuals. The people in question and their families have option to request equity. The inquiry stays, of who really ought to be brought to equity. Choices Analysis Based on the current circumstance (organization previously confessed to paying the cash, inner reports that the cash provided benefits surpassing the securing of the representatives were divulged, danger of claims), Chiquita has couple restricted choices, which depend on equity and obligation. First choice is to come out now and assume the liability for the activities of FARC and AUC. The law may not be set up yet, however this choice may show that Chiquita is remaining by its guarantee to ensure individuals influenced by its activities. This alternative certainly addresses the cases of casualties and their familiesâ€they will get the pay they are looking for. Chiquita will confront numerous claims and will be hurt monetarily, which influences investors of the organization. For this situation the thinking behind the installments is gotten placeâ€whether it was for corporate increase or insurance of representatives. Another alternative is reject paying remuneration to casualties of FARC and AUC dependent on the way that Chiquita did nothing straightforwardly to hurt them. Additionally, they were ensuring individuals by paying the psychological oppressor. In the event that the law considering the organization liable for these activities isn't set up, the organization and the U. S. equity framework are â€Å"off the hook† and the people in question and families can’t look to have their cases satisfied. On the off chance that the law considering the organization dependable is set up, at that point Chiquita will be brought to equity and both the equity framework and the casualties will have their lawful cases satisfied. Suggestion It comes down to deciding if the organization profited in different manners than shielding their workers from paying for the â€Å"protection† from FARC and AUC. From the data gave in the interior records it appears as though it did. Indeed, even without the inner archives, Chiquita benefitted monetarily from being available for each one of those years in Colombia (Chiquita in Colombia Case, p. 4: as indicated by AUGURA, â€Å"productivity on Latin and Central American manors were multiple times more noteworthy than in the Caribbean, and expenses to import were half lower†). The organization had the immediate advantage in paying the FARC and AUC for their â€Å"protection. † Doing business in Colombia was worthwhile and surrendering it was (around then) more harming than paying psychological oppressor. That’s why my suggestion to Chiquita is to approached and admit to their bad behavior and pay the inquirers for their harms. It will be difficult to run an organization with such past, yet this exercise will (ideally) help stay away from such issues later on (for Chiquita as well as different organizations who are working together universally in shaky political and security situations). Activity Let’s state somebody is taking steps to slaughter me except if I give that person my vehicle. I know the person in question may murder another person with itâ€I wouldn’t surrender it regardless of whether I paid with my own life for it. On the off chance that my family is threatenedâ€I surrender it, since I am answerable for additional individuals. On the off chance that the circumstance rehashes over numerous years and consistently I surrender the vehicle to secure myself and my family, an ever increasing number of individuals are being slaughtered. Do I admit to what that somebody does? Am I liable for this? I would need to imagine that not. In any case, if there is an instance of rehash activities like this, I would need to assume that liability. What's more, that’s why Chiquita should follow up on their center social obligation esteems they lecture. Summation By offering cash to FARC and AUC, Chiquita affirmed of the activities of the two associations. The arrangement is to now assume the liability for these activities.

Essay for My Dad free essay sample

My father is an expert performer so I began playing music extremely early. I began hitting around against the piano at around 2 years of age and began playing string bass at 4 years of age. My first gig was playing recorder with my father at Issue Project Room at 4 years of age. My genuine playing began when I was 5 and begun considering drums. I examined drums at Brooklyn Conservatory with Marc Johnson for around 2 years then I began playing trumpet at around 7. That was the instrument I truly needed to play since I as two years of age yet I couldnt play it in light of the fact that my adult teeth werent in yet. I played in Carnegie Hall with my father and Dan Azans when I was 8 years of age and afterward when I was 9, I won a grant for a long time for private exercises and Jazz hypothesis and troupe at the Brooklyn Conservatory. First I concentrated there with Duane Banks however then I changed to Kevin Louis who I truly love. We will compose a custom exposition test on Exposition for My Dad or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page My first trumpet educator was really Russ Johnson who Vive known since I was a child and Id love to concentrate with him at Jazz camp.Right now, I am playing gigs with my own two musical crews. In one, I play trumpet and sing and in the other I play bass in some cases, drums at times and sing. I likewise make my own tunes and I would like to accomplish a greater amount of that at Jazz camp. Im now playing proficient gigs with my father once in a while and with the Diddle-Diddle-Des which Is a band of grown-ups that plays music for little children that Involves America History In their melodies. I need to apply to Laggardly secondary school for Jazz and I feel that being Jazz camp will assist me with improving as a performer which will help In my application and Just all in all.

American Presidents, Religious Cultural Heritage, and Nuclear Weapons Dissertation

American Presidents, Religious Cultural Heritage, and Nuclear Weapons Decisions - Dissertation Example In 1945, atomic bomb was dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and it indicated the degree of the obliteration and demise, which came about because of the utilization of atomic bomb. Through it, individuals got mindful of the extent of annihilation on account of the atomic bombarding in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Thusly, these occasions guided another stage in war and military deadly implements â€nuclear fighting and atomic weapons. It changed the way where global relationship among nations was led and it modified the perspective on universal governmental issues as the worldwide network adjusted to the truth of the danger of atomic war. In this specific circumstance, the need of understanding the danger of atomic weapons and atomic war falls from the point of view of governmental issues, yet in addition from the perspective on religion. Since, religion assumes a significant job in the forming and characterizing of the qualities and convictions of the general public and afterward person. In any case, this exploration will concentrate on the impact of religion relevant to atomic dynamic of certain Presidents of the United States. In spite of the fact that war has for some time been a piece of human story, WW II is not quite the same as every single other war noted ever. It isn't on the grounds that innovation is embraced in the advancement of war combat hardware. Truth be told, mechanical advancements are applied in war paying little mind to the period. For example, this shows thought of applying innovation in war isn't a distinctive characteristic of WW II. Or maybe what recognizes it from different wars in history is the truth of atomic nuclear bomb. The assurance of the capability of atomic nuclear bomb and the principal atomic nuclear bomb was set up by the Manhattan Project at an expense of $2 billion. This venture was known distinctly to a couple of individuals and the aim was to assemble a nuclear bomb. The researchers under the heading of Robert Oppenheimer were in a race against the Nazis who they thought were additionally constructing nuclear bombs.6 When it was first tried and was detonated in the desert of Alamogordo, New Mexico on July 16, 1945, it was portrayed as â€Å"flashing with the brilliance of a few suns at Midday† 7 The atomic nuclear bomb was first utilized during WWII. It was dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki to stop the Japanese invasion in Asia. 8 On August 6, 1945, the U.S. B-29 Superfortress Enola gay dropped

European Union Law - Free Essay Example

Title: European Union Law: Answer all three questions equally within the word count of 3000 1. Manuel, a Spaniard, is a recent graduate of the University of Barcelona, having gained a degree in Leisure and Tourism. Manuel wishes to undertake post graduate research on English soccer hooliganism and he has applied for a number of jobs in England to help support him while he is undertaking his research. He receives an offer of a job with Torquay Borough Council as a part-time waiter with the Leisure Services Department. Manuel is delighted by this job offer but is disappointed when UK immigration officials inform him that he will be unable to enter and take up this position because a provision of UK local government law requires that posts in local government be filled only by British nationals. Furthermore they inform him that since it only involves six hours work at a rate of pay well below subsistence level it would not qualify him for any rights under EC law. Manuel also wished to bring with him his Irish girlfriend Polly who wished to look for work also in the catering industry. Polly has been refused entry into the UK. Cybil, an unemployed waitress from Torquay, was recently made redundant. Disenchanted with the English weather, she decides that she wants to go to live in Barcelona. Cybil arrives in Spain with her elderly, retired husband Basil. At the airport Spanish immigrat ion officials tell Cybil that, under a provision of Spanish immigration law, her husband will have to return to England immediately because he has no work to go to. Cybil herself is refused entry because she has a conviction in England from 1984 for domestic violence. Advise all parties of their rights under Article 39 and its secondary legislation. 2. The concepts of direct effect, indirect effect and state liability are no more than a creative attempt on the part of the European Court of Justice to ensure that the objectives of the Treaty are not defeated by the wording of Article 249. Discuss the accuracy of the above statement. 3. The Italian government have recently introduced legislation following a research paper in a French journal which, while unsubstantiated, concludes that English poultry is perilously infected with Newcastle disease. Acting on this the Italian legislation proposes: a) A ban on the importing of all live chickens from the UK. b) The imposing of testi ng of all poultry for Newcastle disease regardless of origin. c) The introduction of a system of licensing for all retail outlets selling imported poultry or poultry products for consumption. d) Criminal sanctions for all distributors of both domestic and imported poultry that sell infected poultry or poultry products. Discuss the legitimacy of the Italian legislation within EU Law Q.1. The Treaty of Rome 1957 (hereafter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the EC Treatyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢), as amended, provides for the free movement of workers around the Union. This freedom is an essential component of the EU Single Market. Article 39[1] states that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“1. Freedom of movement for workers shall be secured within the Community. 2. Such freedom of movement shall entail the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States as regards employment, remuneration and other conditions of work and employment. 3. It shall entail the right, subject to l imitations justified on grounds of public policy, public security or public health: (a) to accept offers of employment actually made; (b) to move freely within the territory of Member States for this purpose; (c) to stay in a Member State for the purpose of employment in accordance with the provisions governing the employment of nationals of that State laid down by law, regulation or administrative action; (d) to remain in the territory of a Member State after having been employed in that State, subject to conditions which shall be embodied in implementing regulations to be drawn up by the Commission. 4. The provisions of this Article shall not apply to employment in the public service.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [2] Presumably at pains to avoid artificially restricting the scope of the concept, the Treaty does not define the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"workerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. However, the European Court of Justice has interpreted Article 39 broadly in a number of cases. In Lawrie-Bl um v Land Baden-Wƒ ¼rttemberg[3] the essential characteristic of a worker was found to be the performance of services for and under the direction of another in return for remuneration during a certain period of time. It should be noted that the concept of worker is the domain of EU law. It may not be determined by disparate national laws of the member states: Levin v Staatsecretaris van Justitie.[4] For the sake of clarity and simplicity it is proposed to advise each of the parties on the above law individually. Manuel Manuel has received an offer of a job with Torquay Borough Council as a part-time waiter with the Leisure Services Department. This scenario concerns exactly the kind of cross-border worker mobility protected under the EU regime. Regulation 1612/68 provides that EC nationals are guaranteed the right to pursue and take up employment in the territory of another member state under precisely the same conditions as nationals of that state.[5] That said, Article 39(4)[6] of the EC Treaty allows member states to refuse or otherwise restrict access to workers employed in the public service on the ground of their nationality. This appears to apply to Manuelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case, because he has been offered a job with a Borough Council. It is submitted, however, that this derogation has, as with most Treaty derogations from fundamental principles, been narrowly interpreted by the European Court. In Sotgiu v Deutsche Bundespost[7] there was a claim that post office rules offering allowances to workers discriminated against non-nationals. It was held that Article 39(4) applies only to access to employment and that it does not apply to all employment in the public service. Rather, only those activities connected with the exercise of official authority are permitted to be excluded on this ground.[8] Given the likely job specification of Manuelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position as part-time waiter in the Leisure Services Departme nt, it seems most unlikely that his job would fall into the category that is protected by the Article 39(4) derogation. Furthermore, in Commission v Belgium (re Public Employees)[9] a Belgian regulation reserving posts for domestic nationals (including plumbers nurses and architects employed in central and local government) was found to contravene Article 39. The court stressed that the exception was intended to cover only the exercise of public authority in order to safeguard the general interests of the state. Junior level posts were deemed not to be covered by the derogation.[10] It is difficult to conceive of a more junior and less influential position than part-time waiter. Therefore it is submitted that the United Kingdom cannot exclude Manuel from taking up his intended post on the basis of the public policy derogation. As for the United Kingdomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s concern that Manuelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s job offers only involves six hours work at a rate of pay well bel ow subsistence level, it is submitted that it is erroneous to conclude that this would not qualify him for any rights under EC law. In Levin v Staatsecretaris van Justitie[11] it was confirmed that the term worker included part-time workers provided the work involved was genuine work of an economic nature and not purely nominal. Kempf v Staatsecretaris van Justitie[12] and Steymann v Staatsecretaris van Justitie[13] both reinforce the point that very minimal economic activity will trigger the rights available under Article 39. Manuelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s job offer therefore probably cannot be excluded by the public policy derogation or on grounds that the economic activity involved is not substantial enough to qualify for protection. He is thus likely to be legally entitled to enter the United Kingdom to take up the post he has secured. Polly Polly is Manuelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s girlfriend and also, being Irish, a citizen of the EU in her own right. Directive 68/360 has been found by the European Court to cover the right to enter a member state other than your own in search of work. The case Procureur du Roi v Royer[14] confirms that Polly is entitled to enter the United Kingdom to seek out work in the catering industry, and probably this right will subsist for a minimum period of six months: R v Immigration Appeal Tribunal (ex parte Antonissen).[15] This should give Polly sufficient time to get established in work or ascertain other legal rights to support her residence. Cybil Cybil is similarly entitled to invoke Directive 68/360 to allow her to enter Spain to search for work. In light of her recent redundancy it is assumed that Cybil is of an age to pursue genuine employment opportunities, and it is assumed she will seek to invoke Article 39 protection to that end. Her 1984 conviction for domestic violence cannot, it is submitted, be cited to block Cybilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s entry into Spain on the Article 39(3) public policy derogation. Prev ious criminal convictions do not provide the grounds for exclusion in this context unless they demonstrate evidence of a present and significant threat to public policy: R v Bouchereau.[16] A twenty-one year old conviction for domestic violence is far from passing that threshold of significance. Cybil cannot be assumed to constitute a present threat to the requirements of public policy and given the time that has elapsed since conviction there is no evidence of a likelihood of a recurrence of socially harmful behaviour.[17] Spain cannot, it is submitted, block her entry on these grounds. Basil As Cybilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s spouse, Basil is entitled to enter Spain and accompany her on her search for work. His rights are protected, inter alia, by Article 10(1) and 10(2) of Regulation 1612/68, the latter of which provides that member states must facilitate the admission of family members when a worker is seeking to invoke freedom to work rights.[18] Q.2. Article 249 EC provid es that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.A regulation shall have general application. It shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. A directive shall be binding, as to the result to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed, but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [19] The essential problem lies with the definition of the Directive. Directives are unlike regulations in that they do not create legal rights and obligations when they enter into force. They rely on implementation at a national level before conferring enforceable law via the transposing domestic legislation. Often in the history of the European Union member states have either failed to transpose Directives, or failed to implement them accurately, or been late with their implementation.[20] In these circumstances a difficult situation arises. In Marshall v. Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health A uthority[21] it became clear that employees enjoy different rights depending on the status of their employer. Public employees can invoke vertical direct effect to enforce rights in an improperly implemented directive against the state, which as their employer, has failed in its duty to transpose the directive accurately. However, employees of a private undertaking can only attempt to invoke direct effect horizontally against their employer. In Marshall the court refused to endorse the efficacy of horizontal direct effect, leaving employees of private undertakings with no right of action. It is useful to compare Von Colson[22] and Harz.[23] Both cases concerned Article 6 of the Equal Treatment Directive (76/ 207). However, Von Colson concerned a public and Harz a private employer, and therefore a remedy was available in the Von Colson case but not in Harz. Instead of spotlighting the inequitable results of the lack of horizontal direct effects of Directives, the ECJ focused on ar ticles 10 and 249 (ex 5 and 109) EC which oblige member states to conform to community obligations. On giving birth to the concept of indirect direct effect, the court found that this requirement applies to all member states authorities, including in particular the courts, who were ordered to interpret and apply legislation adopted to implement a directive in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive in order to achieve the objective of the Directive. The Marleasing[24] decision developed the principle of indirect effect by confirming that an obligation exists to interpret national law to comply with a directive, regardless of whether the national law in question came into force prior to or after the directive. When domestic law cannot be creatively interpreted in such a way as to give the complainant an effective remedy another option is now available. The individual is now empowered pursue the alternative remedy of a claim in damages against the state. As a co nsequence of certain proactive decisions by the European Court, damages may be awarded as a remedy in cases where the member state fails to implement a directive.[25] In these circumstances the liability of the member state rests on the non-implementation of a directive and breach of its EU obligations. The member state is thus compelled to rectify the damage done to the individual by the breach. The state liability doctrine was first applied in the prominent case Francovich.[26] In Francovich the relevant Directive was incapable of sustaining direct effect, but the overarching goal of the effective and uniform implementation of Community law was found to justify liability on the part of the member state to compensate for its failure to implement the directive. The European Court established a test to determine whether member states should be obliged to compensate individuals for breach of improperly transposed EU law. It was held (1) that the objective of the directive must include the conferring of individual rights, (2) that the content and scope of those rights must be clearly identifiable from the text of the Directive, and (3) that there must be a casual link between the breach and the damage caused. The scope of the so-called Francovich principle of state liability has been extended by more recent cases. In Brasserie du Pƒ ªcheur and Factortame III,[27] the European Court amplified its own jurisprudence, finding state liability in damages in the context of claims for loss suffered as a result of legislation adopted in contravention of directly effective Treaty provisions. As a consequence of the foregoing decisions, for state liability to arise the breach in question must be sufficiently serious (alternatively manifest and grave): Bayerische HNL GmbH.[28] To date it has proved quite difficult, in practice, to meet this condition before the national courts.[29] In closing, it is submitted that the European Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ ž ¢s response to the problems inherent in the frailties of directives and gaps in the direct effect principle amply demonstrates its resolve to enhance and safeguard the effet utile of European Union law.[30] As a consequence of the European Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s single-minded approach to the task of embedding and honing Community law, EU citizens now have a variety of means of obtaining the protection of the law derived from the framework established by the Treaty of Rome. Q.3. Articles 28 to 30 of the EC Treaty prohibit Member States from maintaining or imposing barriers to intra-Community trade, unless a derogation is found to be applicable. Article 28 (ex Article 30) provides: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between Member Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Article 30 (ex Article 36) adds the caveat that derogations are available: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The provisions of Articles 28 and 29 shall not p reclude prohibitions or restrictions on imports, exports or goods in transit justified on grounds of public morality, public policy or public security; the protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants; the protection of national treasures possessing artistic, historic or archaeological value; or the protection of industrial and commercial property. Such prohibitions or restrictions shall not, however, constitute a means of arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade between Member States.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The ban proposed by the Italian Government on English poultry is subject to this framework of law. The starting point for intra-EU trade is that it should not be fettered in any way. It is submitted that the only way for the Italian Government to circumnavigate this fundamental right and pillar of the Single Market is to claim, presumably on the Article 30 ground of the protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants, that a derogation is justified in light of the health concerns relating to English poultry. It is worth noting at an early stage that the derogations in Article 30 exempt a founding principle of the European Unionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s much cherished and jealously guarded internal market and as such they are parsimoniously and restrictively applied. In general terms it is therefore necessary to advance a compelling argument if one is to convince the European Court that intra-EU trade has been justifiably restricted.[31] Import bans are notoriously hard to justify under Article 30 because they usually constitute an unnecessarily draconian step and are usually unnecessary to protect health given the alternative precautions available: Commission v Germany (Meat Preparations).[32] It is noted that the research paper in the French Journal which has been cited as justification by the Italians is unsubstantiated. It is doubtful that this evidence would suffice to convince the European Court that the Ital ian Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s response was in conformity with Article 28 obligations. In order to justify an Article 30 exemption it is necessary to demonstrate a real and tangible risk to health. Slight, tentative or theoretical risks will not suffice. In Commission v United Kingdom (French Turkeys)[33] a licensing system was established by the UK authorities to exclude poultry from countries adopting a policy of vaccination in preference to one of slaughter (also) in response to Newcastle disease. The European Court resolved that such a ban was unjustifiable on grounds of animal health. The Court speculated that the ban was no more than a thinly disguised restriction on intra-EU trade. Further and better particulars are sought on the matter of the ban and the nature of the disease and its contamination of the United Kingdom chicken flock. However, on the facts presented it seems unlikely the Italian ban would be deemed lawful at the European Court of Justice. The prop osal to test poultry for Newcastle disease regardless of origin is more likely to be considered in conformity with EU law. The testing system is more likely to be deemed acceptable if Italy can demonstrate that there is no intrinsic or indirect discrimination against foreign goods. Inspections are typically permissible in the circumstances described, but they are only likely to be justified if they are found to be reasonably proportionate to the aim pursued. Moreover, it must be demonstrated by the Italian Government that the same goal cannot be achieved by less restrictive means. In Commission v France (Re Italian Table Wines)[34] the European Court found that lengthy delays in customs clearance of wine imported from Italy into France were disproportionate and thus discriminatory. Supposedly random checks were imposed on 75 per cent of consignments, but this level of surveillance was deemed systematic and thus disallowed. The proposed introduction of a system of licensing for al l retail outlets selling imported poultry or poultry products for consumption is however destined to fail. Licensing per se is an entirely laudable exercise and can be defended on grounds of public health for a variety of cogent reasons. However, the key word in the proposal is imported. A new system of licensing outlets that deal in imported poultry has an obviously and directly discriminatory effect which would inevitably serve to encourage domestic retail outlets to sell only Italian-reared poultry rather than subject themselves to the burdens of additional licensing. It is contended that any system which purported to distinguish between domestic and extra-EU products by these means and in this context would be treated as blatant protectionism by the European Court. The proposal to establish criminal sanctions for all distributors of both domestic and imported poultry that sell infected poultry or poultry products would seem to be an unnecessary, disproportionate and dracon ian response. Despite the fact that the measure would apply equally to Italian and EU poultry, there is a risk that such action could constitute an indirect impediment to the flux of Community trade and an indistinct deterrent on poultry importation from any member state known or suspected to suffer from Newcastle disease infection, regardless of the level, scope or pattern of that infection. According to the celebrated Dassonville[35] formula: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"All trade measures or trading rules enacted by the Member States which are capable of hindering, directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, into community trade as measures having and effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Therefore it is not necessary to demonstrate that the Italian proposal on criminal sanctions actually hinders trade between member states, as long as it is possible to show that the measure is capable of such effects. THE END WORD COUNT: 3668 (excluding footnote s I overran to take account of the fact that the lengthy question is counted in the computerised word count) BIBLIOGRAPHY The Treaty of Rome The Treaty of Amsterdam European Commission Notices (various) Official Journal (various) Business Law in the European Union, C.Bovis, Sweet Maxwell EC Law, Weatherill and Beaumont, Penguin Books Introduction to European Union Law, Cairns, Cavendish EU Law Text, Cases and Materials, Craig and De Burca, Oxford University Press Contravening EC Law: The Liability of the Member State, Spink P., Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly Textbook on EC Law, Steiner and Woods, Blackstone Law of the European Community, Fairhurst and Vincenzi, Pearson Education EC Law, Foster, Blackstone Basic Community Cases, Rudden and Phelan, Oxford University Press Law of the European Union, Kent, P., Longman Text, Cases and Materials on European Union Law, Tillotson and Foster, Cavendish EU Law Statutes, Sweet and Maxwell Cases and Materials on EC Law, Weatherill, Oxford University Press BACKGROUND RESEARCH Europa: Gateway to the European Union: https://europa.eu.int/index_en.htm. Footnotes [1] Ex Article 48 (renumbered by the Treaty of Amsterdam). [2] For full text see: https://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/treaties/selected/livre210.html. [3] Case 66/85. [4] Case 53/81. [5] See for background: Business Law in the European Union, Bovis, C, Sweet Maxwell. [6] Ex Article 48(4). [7] Case 152/73. [8] For supporting commentary see: Textbook on EC Law, Steiner and Woods, Blackstone. [9] Case 149/79. [10] A view reinforced by a 1988 Commission Notice: OJ No. 72/2. [11] Case 53/81. [12] Case 139/85. [13] Case 196/87. [14] Case 48/75. [15] Case C-292/89. [16] Case 30/77. [17] See for comment: EC Law, Weatherill and Beaumont, Penguin Books. [18] For further see: Law of the European Union, Kent, P., Longman. [19] For full text see: https://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/treaties/selected/livre252.html [20] See for general comment and background: EU Law Text, Cases and Materials, Craig and De Burca. [21] Case C-271/91. [22] C ase 14/83. [23] Case 79/83. [24] Case 106/89. [25] For an insightful exposition see: Text, Cases and Materials on European Union Law, Tillotson and Foster, Cavendish. [26] Cases C-6/90 and C-9/90. [27] Cases C-46/93 and C-48/93. [28] Case 83/77. [29] For a full discussion see: EC Law, Foster, Blackstone. [30] Contravening EC Law: The Liability of the Member State, Spink P., Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly, Summer 1997, p111. [31] See for context: Basic Community Cases, Rudden and Phelan. [32] Case 153/78. [33] Case 40/82. [34] Case 42/82. [35] Procureur du Roi v Dassonville Case 8/74.

World Wide Web Connection for Banks - 657 Words

Since the beginning of the great age of internet, banks have been increasingly connected through the complex internet web. This has made banks become more reliable, efficient, and more profitable with increased user base. However, it has come with a great price due to unscrupulous people who want to scheme money from the banks. The websites of big banks such as Bank of America, JP Morgan, Wells Fargo, US Bank, PNC, and Citigroup have significantly underwent through slowdowns that have affected many customers seeking services from the mentioned banks. The attackers came after the banks in sequence. These cyber-attacks are commonly carried out through a technique commonly referred to as denial of service attacks. Introduction Big banks have been major victim of denial of service attacks which can be attributed to different hacker groups around the world. Banks generally have the most sophisticated and complex security system. However as seen recently, these firewall systems were able to be defeated by hackers who proved to be more prepared and smart. Background information The denial of service attack was estimated to be 10 to 20 times the normal traffic. This was unprecedented because it surpassed the previous records. The banks said that no data was stolen but rather the websites were slowed down making service delivery very cumbersome to customers. The attacks on theShow MoreRelatedInformation Technology for Business Success: the new way to communicate There is no doubt that1500 Words   |  6 PagesInformation Technology for Business Success: the new way to communicate There is no doubt that the present time is the Technology era when the use of technological inventions dominates all different aspects of life: computer, cellular phones, world wide web, radio and satellites. That is, technological inventions have improved. Storing information, sending and receiving messages, electronic governments, distance education, health services and business. With the intervention of Information TechnologyRead MoreSecure File Storage Server: The Case of First World Bank Savings and Loans1512 Words   |  7 Pages First World Bank Savings and Loans will need to have a secure file storage server. Along with a secure web server, database server. The bank will also need to provide layered security to make sure that they keep their customer confidential information from being compromised. This is an outline along with an executive summary to meet the needs. From my experience in the IT filed and what I have learned throughout my education and from making my own mistake a file server needs to have a strongRead MoreThe Internet Completely Revolutionized The Computer Industry1277 Words   |  6 Pageswith one another all over the world in record amounts of time. Today, we use the internet in our everyday lives and almost take it for granted. Therefore, it’s important to dive into the history of the development of the Internet to understand it’s past, present and potential for the future. There were two main historical developments that led to the development of the World Wide Web. Starting in 1930, writer and futurist HG Wells came up with the idea of a â€Å"World Brain.† In explaining his ideaRead MoreHow The User Side And Server Side Factors That Influence The Performance Of A Website1675 Words   |  7 Pagesyour website as if the performance of your website is poor then users are likely to exit the website. The two main user side factors that should be taken into consideration are connection speed and PC/mobile device performance. You must look at what kind of internet connection the user may have, if the user has dial-up connection then they will have an average speed of 56kbps therefore their website will load slower than others. If the user has Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) they will haveRead MoreThe Invention Of The World Wide Web1674 Words   |  7 PagesEver since the creation of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, there ha ve been many questions that have arisen about the invention and the effects of it. From people trying to figure out how to use it and connect it from one place to another, to wondering if it were safe, there have always and will continue to be questions about the great creation. As time has passed and the web has gotten more sophisticated, more questions are constantly brought up wondering how safe the internet is forRead MoreA Web Developer Working For Net Connect Network Solutions2677 Words   |  11 PagesI am a junior web developer working for Net-connect network solutions (NCNS). I have been asked to create a report that is going to talk about the following web architecture; Internet service provider, domain structure, domain name registrars and the World Wide Web. I will also be talking about the following key components; mail and proxy servers, routers and browsers. I will also be explaining how the client’s settings will impact the web performance. Lastly I will be e xplaining the security risksRead MoreEssay on Internet and a Business Information Security1617 Words   |  7 Pagescritical part of a company’s success. The many facets of the World Wide Web have made protecting data a critical function for companies world-wide. Companies owe it to their customers to maintain proper security regarding sensitive information obtained when processing services or storing sensitive data. Electronic commerce, or E-Commerce for short, is a type of industry where consumers buy or sell goods and services, by using the web and other computer networks during the life-cycle of a transactionRead MoreNo Ordinary Disruption By Richard Dobbs1066 Words   |  5 PagesJonathan Woetzel, they examine four forces that are changing our world and as a result our business and leadership. This executive summary examines the fourth force of, â€Å"Greater Global Connections† specifically focusing on Chapter 4, â€Å"Trade, People, Finance and Data.† As Dobbs, Manyika and Woetzel walk us through their theory and evidence, it is clear that their analysis is well founded and appropriate. Greater Global Connections †¢ Trade in Goods and Services o Trade today is not just located inRead MoreArchitecture of a New Payroll Program1137 Words   |  5 PagesApplication Architecture Introduction Fundamental objective of this paper is to build a payroll program for a large organization having offices spread across the United States. To enhance effective business operations, the company uses the WAN (wide area network) technology to connect all its offices located in the United States. The paper discusses the architecture of new payroll program to enhance greater understanding on the functionality of the new system. Architecture of the new PayrollRead MoreComputer Technology And Its Impact On The United States Military1669 Words   |  7 Pagesof advertisements. Google started off as a search engine that allowed you to navigate the Internet. Nowadays, google is producing laptops and has its own web-browser, Chrome. Google is also leading the way in the mass production and use of fiber optics. Google Fiber provides a broadband Internet connection like no other. It offers a connection of 1 Gbit per second. These new computer companies heavily influence our everyday lives and the way we live. The invention of personal computers, along with

Nurses Role in Promoting Patients Choices

Question : Discuss current debate regarding the nurses role in promoting patients choices; in the care of children. Answer : Patient consent is one of the important paradigm community health and social care paradigm. This includes not only the education and information delivery of the patient, but also helps them to evaluate and choose the appropriate regime and treatment intervention according to physical suitability, judgment and financial suitability (Uhl, 2013, p.121). Apparently, it is also valuable when the concern is related to patient satisfaction in the cascade of health care services. The concept of patient care and valuing the patient autonomy is appropriate, yet there are certain concerns, which are necessary to address while working for the achievement of organizational objective and maintaining the health care services in the community (Looman, 2013, p.293). These concerns are related to patient consent in emergency care situation and child-care. In the present discussion, the concern is related to childcare where the responsibility and scope of nursing professionals are being discussed. It i s common scenario, that in routine childcare and treatment services, the concerned members are either family person or parents. the related issues such as educating related to disease or disorder, hospital care and filing form, obtaining assessment information and billing related are in general being carried out with the help of concerned family members or parents, in conjunction to care services for children. The first and prime concern is related to the understanding of the role and responsibilities of nursing professionals. The scope of competencies, especially the effective and efficient communication skills is a pre-requisite for the same (Neilson, 2011, p.545). The promotion of consent can be thus raised with the help of educating the parents and promoting the awareness with respect to the available choice of intervention and care plan. The health care professionals thus have the responsibility to give complete information and maintain the transparency related to available regimes. It is noteworthy to mention that the other parts related to clinical decision, decision support and use of wisdom is contained within the scope of suggesting effective treatment and care plan. Importantly the knowledge and concern related to heritage assessment is crucial, which should be used in the routine nursing care and treatment (Jeyendra, 2013, p.2). The promotion of incorporating choice of treatment for the care of children thus needs a substantial effort in terms of building effective partnership model with the parents and family members. This is because, children below the age of 18 are not believed to be mature and capable of taking appropriate decision related to their choice of treatment and care plan (Bisgaier Rhodes, 2011, p.2324). Furthermore, the it is important for nurse to identify the concern of the problem related to health and mention the appropriate referrals for producing effectiveness in the treatment approach. Compared to the concern of nurses, it is more important for the nursing leaders and experienced nurses to take care of the implementation related to educating the family members and obtaining the consent. The monitoring and sustaining such implementation can be carried out with the help of record maintaining and keeping records for informed decision. In short, the attempt of inclusion for consent with re spect to childcare, will not only promote the wellbeing of the society, but will also help in achieving the patient satisfaction. References: BISGAIER, J., RHODES, K. V. (2011). Auditing access to specialty care for children with public insurance. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(24), pp.2324-2333. JEYENDRA, A., RAJADURAI, J., CHANMUGAM, J., TRIEU, A., NAIR, S., BASKARAN, R., SCHMIED, V. (2013). Australian general practitioners perspectives on their role in well-child health care. BMC family practice, 14(1), pp.2. LOOMAN, W. S., PRESLER, E., ERICKSON, M. M., GARWICK, A. W., CADY, R. G., KELLY, A. M., FINKELSTEIN, S. M. (2013). Care coordination for children with complex special health care needs: the value of the advanced practice nurse's enhanced scope of knowledge and practice. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 27(4), pp.293-303. NEILSON, S. J., KAI, J., MACARTHUR, C., GREENFIELD, S. M. (2011). Caring for children dying from cancer at home: a qualitative study of the experience of primary care practitioners. Family practice, 28(5), pp.545-553. UHL, T., FISHER, K., DOCHERTY, S. L., BRANDON, D. H. (2013). Insights into Patient and Family Centered Care Through the Hospital Experiences of Parents. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing, 42(1), pp.121-131.

Jackson vs. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay Essay Example

Jackson vs. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay Paper It has been rare in American history for presidents and vice-presidents non to acquire along. but it has happened on a few occasions: Adams and Jefferson. Kennedy and Johnson. and Eisenhower and Nixon are a few illustrations ( Jackson vs. Calhoun-Part 1 1 ) . However. the most controversial relationship between president and his helper was between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun. Their dissensions began really early on in Jackson’s disposal. and lasted until after the declaration of the Nullification Crisis. Nullification is the refusal of a province to acknowledge a federal jurisprudence within its boundaries and deem that jurisprudence unconstitutional. In this instance. South Carolina. led by John C. Calhoun. refused to acknowledge the protective duties in 1828. and 1832. stating that they benefited the North and injured the South. We will write a custom essay sample on Jackson vs. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jackson vs. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jackson vs. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At this point in clip. the American system of authorities was reasonably new and the battle between province and federal power was in full swing. Towards the terminal of the crisis. Calhoun went so far as to endanger to splinter from the Union to demo Jackson and the remainder of America that single province authoritiess were so powerful. When the wrangle had reached its extremum. Jackson had had plenty and decided it was clip to set an terminal to the crisis. The actions and determinations made by President Andrew Jackson in respects to John C. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis non merely enabled the Union to stay together. but proved the power of the federal authorities. Before reexamining Jackson’s actions during the Nullification Crisis it is of import to understand where the dissensions between the two work forces originated. In 1829. merely shortly before Jackson was inaugurated. John Eaton. a friend and shortly to be secretary of war under Jackson. married the widow and non-reputable Peggy O’Neale Timberlake. Because Timberlake was now the married woman of a adult male in office. the other adult females would hold to accept her as an equal. which they were non happy about. Jackson. nevertheless. refused to believe that the adult females were justified in their behaviour. for he considered Peggy to be â€Å"chaste as a virgin† ( Barzman 56 ) . After Jackson ordered the married womans of all of his associates to see Mrs. Eaton as a societal equal. they all complied except for one ; Floride Calhoun. the married woman of John C. Calhoun. Calhoun subsequently claimed to Jackson he could non ( or would non ) change the head of his strong willed married woman. This enraged the freshly elected President and began the disruptive nature of the two men’s relationship. The chief facet which fueled their hapless relationship was their differences in political sentiments. Although both work forces were from similar parts of the state and both were dedicated to the public assistance of their place provinces. they disagreed on one really of import country. Jackson was a patriot. who believed strongly in continuing the Union and puting federal power over that of the single provinces. Calhoun. on the other manus. was precisely the antonym. Although anterior to 1830. he had been a patriot. Calhoun was now an utmost states’ rights advocator ( Barzman 56 ) . This colossal difference in political doctrine set the scene for the most of import statement between president and vice-president and foreshadows Calhoun’s programs for South Carolina. Calhoun had been garnering his information and explicating his thoughts for the hereafter of South Carolina for rather some clip. waiting for the perfect chance to uncover his maestro program. He wanted to declare nullification because his place province of South Carolina was economically down. fearful about the hereafter of bondage. and thought the new duties supported the North at the disbursal of the South ( The Nullification 1 ) . Jackson had an thought that Calhoun was be aftering something extremist so at the Jefferson Day Dinner on April 30. 1830. he stated that â€Å"Our Union–it must be preserved† . To this Calhoun replied. â€Å"The Union. Next to our autonomies. most dear† ( Barzman 58 ) . After publically declaring his dedication to South Carolina before the Union. Calhoun resigned the vice-presidential term and served in the South Carolina Senate. Less than two old ages subsequently. on April 24. 1832. Calhoun sent the South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification to Jackson. in which he declared. â€Å"The people of the province of South Carolina declare the responsibilities imposed by said Acts of the Apostless. and all judicial proceedings which shall be afterlife had in affirmance thereof. are and shall be void and null. We do farther declare that we will non subject to the application of force on the portion of the Federal Government† ( Hamilton 1 ) . Jackson. appalled by this direct menace to the Union and the Federal Government. was determined to set Calhoun in his topographic point and make anything he could to continue the Union. Although Calhoun had stated in his Regulation that South Carolina would non react to any forceful Acts of the Apostless by the authorities to try to acquire Calhoun to endorse down. Jackson found a manner to outwit his opposition. Jackson had congress base on balls a measure in 1833. â€Å"which allowed him to utilize soldiers to implement the duty measures† ( Nullification Crisis 1 ) . After the Force Bill was passed. Jackson sent several war vessels and 100s of soldiers to Charleston to implement the Torahs of the authorities. Some people argue that what Jackson did was incorrectly because based on the fundamental law. Calhoun had the right to declare Nullification for South Carolina. However. what Jackson did was besides constitutional and enabled the United States of America to stay as one. Had Jackson non passed the Force Bill instantly after South Carolina’s Ordinance was received. Calhoun’s strategy may hold succeeded and South Carolina would hold seceded from the Union. turn outing that the Federal Government truly did non hold any power over that of the single province. After the footings of the Force Bill were set into topographic point. Calhoun began to recognize the problem he had gotten himself into and wanted to happen a dignified manner to deliver himself and his place province. At first Calhoun attempted to happen other provinces willing to back up and fall in his cause. but no other Southern provinces seemed to hold with his theory of nullification. In order to decide the issue. Calhoun went to Henry Clay. the â€Å"Great Compromiser† . for aid. Towards the terminal of 1833. Clay was able to outline a via media which â€Å"pacified South Carolina while leting the Federal authorities to stand firm† ( The Nullification 2 ) . This dialogue bit by bit reduced the duties over a period of 10 old ages until they returned down to the degree which had existed in 1816. Jackson and Calhoun both signed the via media and the crisis ended without bloodshed. Many people argue that it was due to the negociating accomplishments of Henry Clay. non Jackson. which enabled the Union to stay in tact. However. had Jackson non passed the Force Bill ab initio. Calhoun neer would hold been pressured into seeking out Clay for aid. With the decision of the Nullification Crisis its significance to the growing of the American authorities became evident. By Jackson get the better ofing Calhoun. and basically get the better ofing the statement of states’ rights advocators. he accomplished two of import things. His first achievement was that he had â€Å"proved the power of the Federal Government to implement Torahs. even when provinces disagree with them† ( Jackson vs. Calhoun – Part 2 2 ) . This non merely gave the American people more assurance in the Federal Government. but made them get down to recognize that holding province authoritiess stronger than the Federal authorities would non be good to the state. Jackson’s 2nd achievement was that he enabled the Union to stay integral. He had postponed any bloodshed over the issue of states’ rights – but merely for 30 old ages. Had Calhoun’s wants been fulfilled. the Union may hold fallen apart and his place province of South Carolina would hold become a powerful autonomous district. The difference in political doctrine between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun was the root of their disruptive relationship. which began early on in their executive life together. The confrontational nature of their relationship led America into the Nullification Crisis during which Calhoun put the public assistance of his place province above that of the brotherhood. seeking to splinter and demo the power of province authorities. Jackson would non hold provinces overmastering the authorities. and passed the Force Bill leting him to utilize the Federal Army and Navy to acquire South Carolina to obey the Torahs the Federal Government had made. State Government and Calhoun lost their conflict and the Federal Government proved its powers. Although he was non able to wipe out the job of states’ rights. were it non for Jackson’s intelligent determinations during the Nullification Crisis. the United States may non hold existed. as a individual brotherhood. as it does today.

Augustus essays

Augustus essays Augustus was born plain Gaius Octavius at Rome on September 23rd. His father was the first in the family to become senator, but died when Octavian was only four years old. It was his mother who had the more distinguished connection. She was the daughter of Julia, sister to Julius Caesar. He was short in Stature, and well proportioned. His body however was covered in spots and he had many birthmarks scattered over his chest and belly. As for character it is said that he was cruel when he was young, but became better when he good older. He was tolerant of criticism and possessed a good sense of humor. Although unfaithful to his wife Livia Drusilla, he remained deeply devoted to her. His public moral attitudes were strict. Octavian served under Julius Caesar in the Spanish expedition of 46 BC. It was possible that he designated to take a senior military command in Caesar's projected Parthian expedition of 44 BC, although at the time he was only 18 years old. But Octavian was with his friends Marcus Agrippa and Marcus Salvidienus Rufus in Appollonia in Epirus completing his academic and military studies, when news reached him of Caesar's assassination. He at once returned to Rome. He learned on the way that Caesar had adopted him in his will. The news sharpened his resolve to avenge Caesar's murder. When he arrived he found power in the hands of Marc Antony and Aemilius Lepidus, who were urging compromise and amnesty. Octavian refused to accept this, and succeeded in undermining Antony's position by winning over many of Caesar's supporters, including some of the legions. He was failed to persuade Marc Antony to hand over Caesar's assets and documents. Octavian was compelled to distribute Caesar's legacies to the Roman public from whatever funds he was able to raise from other sources. This no doubt raised his standing with the Roman's considerably. ...

Globalization and international trade. Is more international trade Essay

Globalization and international trade. Is more international trade socially beneficialWould it be possible to agree, unanimously, that globalization is a bad i - Essay Example f computer technology, who represent the â€Å"Electronic Hurd† led by Wall Street and (c) the policy of â€Å"globulation† whereby dictatorial states are forced to democratize through pressure applied by the international community. According to Curran and Park, the increased networking due to globalization makes it â€Å"a process that is increasing international dialogue, empowering minorities and building progressive solidarity.† (Curran and Park, 2000:10). In the countries of east Europe where deregulation and the introduction of capitalistic modes of private enterprise through introduction of free trade have eroded the traditional socialistic framework that has existed in these countries.(Richards and French, 1996: 41). According to Thomas Friedman, globalization is the â€Å"inexorable integration of markets, nation states and technologies†¦..the spread of free market capitalism to virtually every country in the world.† (Friedman, 2000: 7-8). Waters views it as a â€Å"social process† in which the limitations imposed by geography are receding (Waters, 1995:3). He sees a social transformation taking place, whereby the economic and class inequalities that existed between countries and created material and power exchanges is now steadily being replaced by relationships that are based upon common symbols and values, shared tastes and preferences – a cultural transformation of social life. (Waters 1995:124). In reference to international trade facilitated by globalization and the opening up of borders, Mittelman refers to globalization as a historical transformation - â€Å"a political response to the expansion of market power† resulting in a transformation â€Å"in the economy, of livelihoods and modes of existence† (Mittelman, 2000: 6) and McMichael corroborates this view, seeing the process of global integration taking place on the basis of â€Å"market rule on a global scale†(McMichael, 2000:149). Friedman (2000) has highlighted some of the advantages of

In what ways can Australia, as a middle power, use multilateralism to Essay

In what ways can Australia, as a middle power, use multilateralism to effectively pursue its foreign policy objectives - Essay Example In the international system, it is as well the prerogative of each nation to fight for their space on the decision making table. Multilateralism as an effort to coordinate the policies of two or more nations together can hence be used by Australia (Beeson 2011). This is supported by the fact that the hierarchy places Australia at a point where it is able to bring together the lower power and the top power as an intermediary. Australia’s diplomatic practice has a strong foundation and has existed for a very long time; it is possible to discern Australian diplomatic elements, which could be said to emphasize on idealism an even legalism (Sampson & Woolcock 2003). Using the available advantage of multilateralism, Australia attempts to achieve its pursuit of foreign policy objectives in the international arena competing with not only other middle power states but also the great power states (Ball 1997). In its quest, Australia faces quite a number of possibilities as well as limit s and constraining factors. Through multilateral corporation of Australia as a middle power, the country is able to direct its efforts of whatever manner in trying to maintain international peace and security. This is one way of penetrating it policies in the international platform (2013). It is prudent to note at this point that middle power status has always defined quality of Australian foreign policy a fact that has always made Australia be a very strong negotiator and protector of its rights without simply obeying the great and mighty (Ball 1997). Such capability also makes Australia a force and to the countries advantage, they are able to bring in their policies onto the international platform. Another way in which Australia is able to use multilateralism to further its foreign policy objectives is through the application of the principle of creative middle power diplomacy. This has an extended impact of aiding the country to enhance its interests (Sampson & Woolcock 2003). Au stralia, as a middle power state, should be strategic in its alliances, as this will affect its pursuit of foreign policies. With other grater layers in the field, Australia must strive to keep up with these powers, as they are the main influential factors in the pursuit of foreign policy objectives. This has been the case with Australia as seen in various instances where Australia allied with other great powers (Ball 1997); including the USA, the super power in a strategic attempt to promote its foreign policy objectives; one notable instance is the support of Bush’s presidency in the USA by Howard’s government (Beeson 2011). The system of interdependence is an important factor that sustains interaction between states in the international syste

Love in Infant Monkeys Analysis Essay Example for Free

Love in Infant Monkeys Analysis Essay A mother can impact lives greatly. Could you imagine growing up without a mother? You can either be very lucky with a mother that cares for you or be deprived of that sense of love from a mother figure. It is inhumane to destroy any kind of maternal bond because mothers are not people to depend on, but are people to make depending not required. In my opinion, Harry doesn’t understand the true meaning of mothers earlier in the story but does get they have some sort of value. The repercussions of this lie in the story. Many times he brings up mothers whether it’s with his sick wife or the infant monkey’s mother. Harlow must not think much of mothers in general based off of what was said in the story, â€Å"Mother’s are useful, †¦in scientific terms† (Harlow 310). A solid explanation is the fact that he obviously does not totally understand the strip down meaning of mother. Harlow is now drawing a very small part of the very big picture, â€Å"They have intrinsic value, even beyond their breast milk. Call it their company† (Harlow 310). He gets that mothers naturally belong and that they are sort of important to the people they need to influence and care for, no matter if they are human or not. However, at this point in the story he doesn’t comprehend the true values of mother. Harlow later in the story conducts an experiment with an infant monkey and its mother that should give him closure about his hypothesis. Without compassion he begins tests, â€Å"Anxiety first, shown in trembling and shaking; then come the screams† (311). This examines Harlow and his lack of realization and empathy towards mothers and how they have essentials that are beyond scientific. Slowly though, he begins to show and give in to his inner feelings about mothers. It takes a few experiments for him to realize â€Å"Time after time, baby monkeys return. Bad mother is better then none† (312). It took time and cruel methods but Harlow is almost at the point where he accepts the true meaning of Mother. The turning point was the â€Å"Deep swig† (Millet 314). In his drunken self-conscience the truth was released. He began to fathom the underlying details that he couldn’t pick up from his time with the monkeys earlier. Still trying to hold on to thoughts put into his mind, â€Å"He mistook each infant monkey for a beloved soul. In that way the nightmare was confusing† (Millet 314). As you can see it is still in his conception not to believe himself that what he was doing was wrong. This is a battle between his self-conscience and what he was taught to believe. Finally, actuality kicked in, â€Å"He saw each infant in the heart of its mother, precious, unique, held so close because the mother was willing to die for it.† (314). What Harlow saw was the absolute certainty of what his inner being was desperately attempting to communicate to him. It was that he was wrong. The test subjects before him were real living things just like himself. The mother is a complex creature proven throughout the story. These actions all help express why mothers and their presence are so important. As shown, they are very crucial in the development of younger beings. The mother is a helper by nature, impacting by teaching its child to survive at life. Independence is the arch lesson that is taught by the mother. Harlow enduringly grasps the cardinal meaning of why it is inhumane to destroy any kind of maternal bond. Mothers are not people to depend on, but are people to make depending not required.

Victorian Language Essay examples -- Victorian Era

Victorian Language The fact of the matter: â€Å"Nobody speaks at all like the characters in any novel, play or film. Life would be intolerable if they did; and novels, plays or films would be intolerable if the characters spoke as people do in life† (Abercrombie 1965). So what was the real way of speech? Fiction was generally thought to be an accurate portrayal of reality; â€Å"true life† (Chapman 1). It was unfavorable if it stressed credulity too far. Therefore, fiction is our main source of information; it is our main source to the reality of speech for the Victorians. Greater mobility and expansion of communication of the Victorian era brought together regional groups, thus increasing the complexity of the variations in the English language. Consequently, pronunciation evolved as an indicator of social prestige (Chapman 6-8). Two categories of speech developed: Standard and Non-Standard speech. Formation of Standard Speech vs. Non-Standard Speech The Education Act of 1870 established the school as a ‘melting pot’ for upper and middle class children and the speech boundary had to be resolved. Thus a uniform accent (Standard speech) was created and pupils who refused to accept this new accent or who could not adapt to this new way of speech were severely punished. Peer pressure was also an issue because the new boy would have to adapt to the new form of speech in order for his peers to accept him or to merely avoid bullies (Chapman 12). Non-Standard Speech This type of speech was also synonymous with lower class slang, â€Å"cockney† or the way in which the ‘uneducated’ communicated, specific to the East End (Chapman 19). The infamous â€Å"cockney† was native to the East End, as remains today. Cockney dialect allowed spelling and ... ... word ‘affidavit,’ yet Rogue Riderhood mispronounces it as an â€Å"Alfred David† (Dickens 12). Therefore, language in the Victorian era was important in ranking members of classes and occupations. Language had the potential to assess and reflect upon one’s regional, educational, occupational and family background. The distinctions in speech amongst three different social ranks are evident in the following excerpt from an adaptation of Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South. Episode 1, Clip 3. http://www.bbc.co.uk/drama/northandsouth/episode1.shtml Works Cited Chapman, Raymond. Forms of Speech in Victorian Fiction. New York: Longman, 1994. Dickens, Charles. Our Mutual Friend. 1865. Introduction and notes Adrian Poole. New York: Penguin, 1997. Phillipps, K.C. Language and Class in Victorian England. Ed. David Crystal. New York: Basil Blackwell Inc, 1984.

Kfkfkfkf

4-Mat Review on Entwistle Chelesea Snyder Liberty University Summary If you are looking for both sides of the argument Integrative Approaches to Psycology and Christianity is your book. If gives the different models and different theories to back each one up completely. Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity was a great read. Entwistle did an amazing job on putting together a great read with some different aspects to things. The author’s thoughts are trying to explain the truth of God’s word and show the insights it has on psychology.Integration which there were several different theories and approaches to the two, is what this book revolved around. The argumentation of integration and psychology are still a question with no right or wrong answers. While most of his arguments had biblical truths with in them he could argue that they didn’t. The psychology world has seen many pros to people believing in Christianity. It’s been a great stress reliever as well as a different mindset for people. The book explains that t sacred and secular combatants when it comes to the truth.Human nature is we are all born with sin having good and evil within our souls and hearts. Within the reading society has seemed to always struggle on integrating the two. You have government that tells us we must separate church and state, you have some within society that would like to see the two integrate together again. We have seen in Entwistles works that people have within the church come up with science ideals. These approaches and studies however were hidden because religion was scared they no longer had the answers.For these two different parts of life to truthfully integrate people are going to have to put their feelings aside and work together; compromise is the only way these two will always over shadow the other. Epistemology, metaphysics and philosophical anthropologies are important to exam within the worldview of things. By examining the two books God’s word and the book of God’s works we can come to a better model of integration (Entwistle, 2010). The text talks about integration in a way that if you are too Christian you lose psychology and if you are to big into science you seem to lose the Christian principles behind it.Enemies, Spies, Colonialists, Neutral Parties, and Allies; are the 5 integration models. Enemies in short term believe that religion and psychology could never be integrated, spies there are two types of spies. Spies on the outside or spies on the inside. Spies on the outside want information only to link with their principles and spies on the inside try to be buddy Neutral parties are just that neutral to everything and say they don’t really care either way. Colonialists on the other hand seek to make psychology subservient to theology. Allies are those who are on your side.I think that science without religion is lame and conversely that religion without science is bli nd. Both are important and should work hand-in-hand. Albert Einstein (Entwistle, 2010). Concrete Responses The saying that got to me was when you come to a fork in the, road take it. It reminds me of the poem the Road Not Taken by Robert Frost. When I was a sophomore in college I was a mere 19 years old, I loved Kansas Wesleyan University but was still very miserable, seems kinda silly that I was so miserable yet loved the place all at the same time.I was newly married, my husband had just deployed shortly after I was stuck in a catch 22. My husband wasn’t in Califonia but I wanted to go and take a semester off the semester before to spend time with him. I should have but didn’t because my parents would of freaked in fact they did freakout which was why I came back in January to finish out the year instead of spending three months as newlyweds. Coming back in January was hard very hard I was very involved in everything on campus from Choir, student activities, and even RA.We sang Robert Frost’s poem the road not taken, it was dark and one of my favorites. The end of that year I left Kansas Wesleyan transferred to Fort Hays University and took the fork in the road. This was triggered because it was out of the normal. To my parents thye very much didn’t support my decision so it was wrong because it wasn’t theirs. This particular situation just makes me think that I have control over things but not all and even if they do not match my opinions and decisions I shouldn’t make a snap judgment as Jesus gave us all different forks or paths to take.We must jump at the opportunity he gives us to fly at the fork in the road. Reflection The thing that troubled me with this book was the author’s talk about limitations. While I believe he is correct we are very much a part of nature however I don’t believe God set limitations on humans. My theory within limitations is most of the time we humans limit ourselves. God wi ll meet us half way always has, we must do some of the work as well.God let’s us figure and find things within science on his time if not we wouldn’t know about space, molecules or anything about human nature and progress in sciences. Action The biggest thing I want to take from this book to put into my counseling is realize that not one way is affective on everybody. Some people will want to know you are praying for them and others will want you to pray with them right then and there. I want to put into practice that my client will get what they want and me as the counselor need to make it appoint to give the client exactly what they have asked for.I want people to feel great about themselves which is why I want to be a counselor in the first place. But the biggest thing I want people to realize is they as well as God have the reigns with their counseling so we will use this as a way to hopefully heal and mend their hearts and minds. References Entwistle, D. N. (2010) . Integrative approaches to psychology and christianity: An introduction to worldview issues, philosophical foundations, and models of integration  (2 nd ed. ). Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock.

Recycling Done Wrong Impacts on Recycling Contamination - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1145 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/14 Category Environment Essay Level High school Tags: Recycling Essay Did you like this example? After pouring the rest of the milk into a cup, you walk over and put the milk jug in your recycling container. Throughout the week you continue to put plastic shopping bags, and paper plates from dinner in the recycling container. By the end of the week you are ready to take your recycling bin to the curb to be picked up. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Recycling Done Wrong Impacts on Recycling Contamination" essay for you Create order This is what majority of residents do each week when it comes to recycling. But what if the efforts of recycling and taking the recycling out, is not worth it? Not rinsing the milk jug out prior to putting it in the recycling container, making sure that plastic shopping bags and used paper plates are thrown in the trash, is the main reason that recycling efforts are being contaminated. More efforts are being made to recycle, however there is one major issue that is affecting such efforts. Putting recycling contaminants in with the rest of the recycling is doing more harm than good. Before looking into recycling contamination, it is important to know what recycling is. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines recycling as the separation and collection of materials that otherwise would be considered waste, the processing and remanufacturing of these items into new products, and the use of the recycled products to complete the cycle.(Recycling Basics) If by taking something that is old and making it into something new is so difficult, then why do it? Ultimately it is to assist in sustaining life and to preserve resources. It is important because of how pollution is impacting our environment. While there continues to be efforts to reduce the amount of waste that is being produced, the rate of our growing population is out weighing the efforts. With everyone, we must account for each person adding significant waste over their lifetime. This started to become an issue during the 1950s when the economic boom caused an increase in the amount of trash being produced due to the increase of the growing population. When people started to realize the impact, trash was having on the environment, the Three Rs movement began. The Three Rs stand for Reduce the amount of waste you create, Reuse items that could have a future purpose, and Recycle whatever you can. (Gordan, 2015) Even though the Three Rs are still popular today, there is a need to evaluate what is affecting the efforts. Recycling Contamination is one of the main reasons why recycling is failing, more so in residential areas. Having the idea that placing plastics with plastic, glass with glass, and paper with paper is simple, is not the case when it comes to recycling contamination. The EPA describes recycling contamination as, when incorrect items/materials are put into the system or when the right items/materials are prepared the wrong way. (Recycling Basics) So, imagine, when foods or liquids are put in the recycling container, the contents remaining in the milk jug mentioned earlier or contents remaining on the paper plate saturates the other recyclables. It causes the other recyclables to lose its value of getting to be recycled, and makes the whole container become trash. Now to think on a larger scale, imagine that you are doing recycling right, however your neighbor is not. When the recyclables are picked up and combined with your neighbors recycling contaminants, your efforts towards recycling have now been ruined. To justify why recycling contamination should be of concern is to look further into the impacting factors starting with residential curbside contaminants. When looking into what causes a damaging ripple affect with our recycling efforts, we start off with looking into what cities and small towns are doing to assist. After reviewing and comparing locations, many residential locations have not been following city/town restrictions appropriately. Currently in White House, Tennessee, residents are not allowed to add frozen food packages, coated and uncoated magazines, and it is discouraged to place plastic shopping bags in recycling containers (White, 2013). When recycling is picked up with contaminants in them, it is then shipped to a processor. There are two recycling processors located near White House, Tennessee, Rock Tenn in Nashville and t he more well-known Waste Management Inc in Rivergate. Waste Management explains, an average contamination rate among communities and businesses sits at around 25%. That means that roughly 1 in 4 items placed in a recycling container is not recyclable through curbside programs, and this creates enormous problems for the recycling economy. (Bell, 2018) To further explain the damaging impact contaminants have is to look into how the processors are spending more money to sort through the recyclables, and to manage the extra waste. Recently the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) spent well over two million dollars in recycling equipment to assist in managing the landfill overages caused by the recycling contaminates. The TDEC introduced the 2015-2025 Solid Waste and Materials Management Plan to assist educating on the states pollution increased due to recycling contaminations. According to the TDEC Management Plan, curbside collection of recyclables only exists in 44 cities and towns in 26 counties. Recent data from the TDEC reported that individuals living in Tennessee disposed an average of 5,710,987 tons of waste in Tennessee Landfills. This equates to 4.85 pounds per person per day. (United States) The TDEC has raised an important notion on the impact of how residents are at fault for the recycling contaminants. So what is the intervention to this expanding issue? Our growing population needs to establish and continue to update measurable progress by implementing and communicating more on the goals. Taking action towards recycling contamination needs to be reintegrated by educating on how the contaminants are having a devasting impact on recycling efforts. The need to finding better alternatives to packaging materials is also important. Panvalker and Piskolti-Caldwell makes a directive point that companies that provide packaging should take appropriate steps to recover packaging waste arising from their own production in line with the polluter pays and the extended producer responsibility principles. The waste should either be taken back or recovered by the producers or made available free of charge for recovery by a third-party waste-recovery organization. (Panvalker and Piskolti-Caldwell, 2001) By ensuring that efforts are being made to expand education and outreach. The more we over-communicate and the more we educate, the more items will be kept clean and separated. Majority of what everyone uses can be considered recyclable by providing the needed information and education. When contaminants are introduced into our recycling bins, the items will become contaminated and will be sent to the landfill even though majority of our recyclables were viable. There will not be a future if we continue to do recycling wrong. Recycling is very important, and the slow destruction of the planet should also be of concern. We need to increase awareness and find ways that will improve our efforts to save our future.